Operations Management And Supply Chain Management

Operations Management And Supply Chain Management Introduction. Operations management is a process which primarily deals with the area of the production of goods and services. Operations management takes up the liability of making sure that all business operations are efficient and use as little resource as and when required, and ensures its effective in meeting customer requirements. Operations management deals with managing a system that changes inputs such as materials, labor and energy into outputs such as goods and services. Every service we get all around us whether it be in supermarkets, hospitals, police station, schools, etc all have been manufactured through the different processes of Operational Management. Operations management includes activities such as managing purchases, list control, excellence control, storage space, logistics and evaluations. The core objective is to have a prime focus on competence and the efficiency of the process. Hence, operations management often includes a decent amount of dimension and scrutiny of in-house processes. Operation Managers are the people who are responsible in taking care of the resources which consist of the different operational functions. This is an assignment which goes through a case study on Weldon Hand Tools, Europes one of the most successful hand tool manufacturers, moving into the woodworking tools market. Task 1. Calculation of Number of People need to assemble the Product. YEAR 1. 1ST QUARTER: Sales forecast for no. of units manufactured = 98,000 units. It takes 1.60 standard minutes to assemble and pack one unit. Therefore total time required to assemble and pack 98,000 units = 98,000 X 1.60 = 156800 mins. One year has 52 weeks or 4 quarters, One quarter = 52 / 4 = 13 weeks For the first quarter all new workers for the manufacturing site will have a 2 day training period. This training will include Induction to the Company, Site tour, Risk Assessment, Fire and Safety Hazard Training. Standard holiday pay package for a permanent full time employee can be put as 4 weeks in a year. Hence we can assume all full time employees will have a week off as Holiday every quarter. Amount of time lost for Training and holiday = 2 working days + 1 week = 1.4 weeks. Since one week has 5 working days, 2 working days is 0.4 weeks. Working weeks in 1st Quarter = 13 1.4 = 11.6 Now assuming full time workers working 40 hours (8 hrs shift X 5 working days) per week, Then one worker can cover = 40 hrs X 11.6 Weeks X 60 mins = 27840 mins †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.EQUATION : 1 Therefore no. of workforce required for the manufacturing of 98,000 units = 156,800 / 27,840 = 5.632 = Approximately 6 new workers Hence we can conclude 6 workers working fulltime, i.e. 40 hours each week, for the first quarter will be able to assemble forecasted sale volume. 2ND QUARTER: Sales forecast for no. of units manufactured = 140,000 units. It takes 1.60 standard minutes to assemble and pack one unit. Therefore total time required to assemble and pack 140,000 units = 140,000 X 1.60 = 224,000 mins. Standard holiday pay package for a permanent full time employee can be put as 1 week every quarter. Working weeks in 2nd Quarter = 13 1 = 12 Now assuming full time workers working 40 hours (8 hrs shift X 5 working days) per week, Then one worker can cover = 40 hrs X 12 Weeks X 60 mins = 28800 mins†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..EQUATION : 2 This worktime is for existing employees since they dont need any training. Therefore no. of workforce required for the manufacturing of 140,000 units = 224,000 / 28,800 = 7.78 = Approximately 8 workers Currently we have 6 fulltime workers. There is an increment of about 40% in the no. of units manufactured in the preceding quarter. There are two ways to resolve the shortage of labour. Firstly we can request the existing workers to do overtime and cover the difference. But as we can see the forecast predicts the sale volume going further higher next quarter. Hence the most feasible option would be to hire new workers. From above calculation (EQUATION 1), new workers can cover 27,840 mins per quarter. So two new workers will cover: 27,840 X 2 = 55, 680 mins 6 existing workers will cover = 6 X 28,800 = 172, 800 mins Therefore total work time covered by all workers = 172, 800 + 55, 680 = 228,480 mins. Work time required to manufacture 140, 000 units = 224, 000 mins. Hence we can conclude 6 existing workers and 2 new workers working fulltime, i.e. 40 hours each week, for the second quarter will be able to assemble forecasted sale volume. 3rd QUARTER: Sales forecast for no. of units manufactured = 140,000 units. (From Table 7.3) It takes 1.60 standard minutes to assemble and pack one unit. Therefore total time required to assemble and pack 140,000 units = 140,000 X 1.60 = 224,000 mins. Standard holiday pay package for a permanent full time employee can be put as a week off every quarter. Now assuming full time workers working 40 hours (8 hrs shift X 5 working days) per week, Then one worker can cover = 28800 mins from EQUATION : 2 Therefore no. of existing workforce required for the manufacturing of 140,000 units = 224,000 / 28,800 = 7.78 = Approximately 8 workers Hence we can conclude 8 existing workers working fulltime, i.e. 40 hours each week, for the third quarter will be able to assemble forecasted sale volume. 4th QUARTER: Sales forecast for no. of units manufactured = 170,000 units. It takes 1.60 standard minutes to assemble and pack one unit. Therefore total time required to assemble and pack 170,000 units = 170,000 X 1.60 = 272,000 mins. Standard holiday pay package for a permanent full time employee can be put as a week off every quarter. Now assuming full time workers working 40 hours (8 hrs shift X 5 working days) per week, Then one worker can cover = 28800 mins from EQUATION : 2 Therefore no. of workforce required for the manufacturing of 170,000 units with existing employees = 272,000 / 28,800 = 9.44 workers Currently we have 8 fulltime workers. This is about a shortage of 18% in employee work mins. As said before there are two ways to resolve the shortage of labor. Firstly we can request the existing workers to do overtime and cover the difference or we could hire new workers. Since the sales forecasts suggest that the sale volume may go down next quarter, the more feasible option would be to request the current employees to do overtime. 18% shortage of 40 hours each employee= 7.2 hours Hence we can conclude 8 existing workers working fulltime, i.e. 40 hours each week, and an additional 7 to 10 hours per week have to be requested by employees in an average cover up the shortage and avoid any future redundancy. YEAR 2. 1ST QUARTER: Sales forecast for no. of units manufactured = 140,000 units. It takes 1.60 standard minutes to assemble and pack one unit. Therefore total time required to assemble and pack 140,000 units = 140,000 X 1.60 = 224,000 mins. Standard holiday pay package for a permanent full time employee can be put as a week off every quarter. In the middle of 1st quarter of the second year a two day Kaizen event is held. Kaizen is a daily activity; its purpose is to improve simple productivity. It is a process that, if done correctly, makes the workplace more humanly, removes overly hard work, and teaches everyone how to perform experiments at work using safe scientific methods. It teaches us to spot and eliminate waste in business processes. Kaizen events suggest a humanized approach to workers and to increasing productivity: The main concept was to take care of the companys human resources as much as it is to praise and encourage participation in kaizen activities. Primarily it requires full participation from workers. Now assuming full time workers working 40 hours (8 hrs shift X 5 working days) per week, Then one worker can cover (including two days training)= 27840 mins from EQUATION : 1 Therefore no. of workforce required for the manufacturing of 140,000 units = 224,000 / 27840 = 8.05 = Approximately 8 workers with a little overtime. Hence we can conclude 8 existing workers working fulltime, i.e. 40 hours each week, for the first quarter with a little overtime will be able to assemble forecasted sale volume. 2nd QUARTER: Sales forecast for no. of units manufactured = 170,000 units. (From Table 7.3) It takes 1.60 standard minutes to assemble and pack one unit. Therefore total time required to assemble and pack 170,000 units = 170,000 X 1.60 = 272,000 mins. Standard holiday pay package for a permanent full time employee can be put as a week off every quarter. Now assuming full time workers working 40 hours (8 hrs shift X 5 working days) per week, Then one worker can cover = 28800 mins from EQUATION : 2 Therefore no. of workforce required for the manufacturing of 170,000 units with existing employees = 272,000 / 28,800 = 9.44 workers Currently we have 8 fulltime workers. As said before there are two ways to resolve the shortage of labor. Firstly we can request the existing workers to do overtime and cover the difference or we could hire new workers. In this condition the sales forecasts suggest that the sale volume could only go higher next quarter, hence the more feasible option would be to hire two more employees. From above calculation (EQUATION 1), new workers can cover 27,840 mins per quarter. So two new workers will cover: 27,840 X 2 = 55, 680 mins Therefore total work time covered by all 10 workers = (8 X 28,800) + 55, 680 = 286,080 mins. Work time required to manufacture 170,000 units = 272, 000 mins. Hence we can conclude 8 existing workers and 2 new workers working fulltime, i.e. 40 hours each week, for the second quarter will be able to assemble in surplus forecasted sale volume. 3rd QUARTER: Sales forecast for no. of units manufactured = 200,000 units. It takes 1.60 standard minutes to assemble and pack one unit. Therefore total time required to assemble and pack 200,000 units = 200,000 X 1.60 = 320,000 mins. Standard holiday pay package for a permanent full time employee can be put as a week off every quarter. Now assuming full time workers working 40 hours (8 hrs shift X 5 working days) per week, Then one worker can cover = 28800 mins from EQUATION : 2 In this condition again the sales forecasts suggest that the sale volume is going higher next quarter, hence the more feasible option would be to hire more employees. From above calculation (EQUATION 1), new workers can cover 27,840 mins per quarter. So two new workers will cover: 27,840 X 2 = 55, 680 mins Therefore total work time covered by all 10 workers = (10 X 28,800) + 55, 680 = 343,680 mins. Work time required to manufacture 200,000 units = 320, 000 mins. Hence we can conclude 10 existing workers and 2 new workers working fulltime, i.e. 40 hours each week, for the third quarter will be able to assemble in surplus forecasted sale volume. 4th QUARTER: Sales forecast for no. of units manufactured = 230,000 units. It takes 1.60 standard minutes to assemble and pack one unit. Therefore total time required to assemble and pack 230,000 units = 230,000 X 1.60 = 368,000 mins. Standard holiday pay package for a permanent full time employee can be put as a week off every quarter. Now assuming full time workers working 40 hours (8 hrs shift X 5 working days) per week, Then one worker can cover = 28800 mins from EQUATION : 2 Therefore no. of workforce required for the manufacturing of 170,000 units with existing employees = 368,000 / 28,800 = 12.78 workers Currently we have 12 fulltime workers. This is about a shortage of 6.5% in employee work mins. As said before there are two ways to resolve the shortage of labor. Firstly we can request the existing workers to do overtime and cover the difference or we could hire new workers. Since from the sales forecasts suggest that the sale volume may go down next quarter, i.e. the first quarter of year 3 the more feasible option would be to request the current employees to do overtime. 6.5% shortage of 40 hours each employee= 2.6 hours Hence we can conclude 12 existing workers working fulltime, i.e. 40 hours each week, and an additional 2 to 4 hours each week have to be requested by employees in an average cover up the shortage and avoid any future redundancy. Type of Facilities that the Company need to buy. Managing Facilities is an integral process within an organization that helps maintaining and developing the services which support and improve the effectiveness of its primary exercise.   It comprises of multi-disciplinary exercise within the built environment and taking care of their influence upon people and the workplace. It facilitates to the impartment of strategic and operational objectives. On a microscopic level, effective facilities management provides a safe and efficient business environment, which is important to the realization of any business whatever its size and scope. For Weldon Hand Tools, designing the manufacturing operation and selecting the type of facilities is of primary importance since the sales forecast predicts a high demand. Capacity Planning: The first question which will arise will be considering the size of the facility. Once we have the workforce size of the Operating System, we can start working out the different facilities required to facilitate the effective services which support its primary activities. Facility Location: The geographic site of the workshop has to be selected in such a way that if demand proves higher than forecast, then there will be enough room to expand the workshop. Analyzing location for the advantageous placement of facilities in order to minimize transportation costs, avoid placing hazardous materials near housing, outperform competitors facilities, etc. The company will need to have setup a research on customer requirement in order to be successful and surface the growing demand for the product. Customers nowadays are more demanding; they want better quality at the same price. There could be a rapid change in the composition of customers and their preferences. An ambiguous and changeable economic climate, customer needs constantly evolving, and upcoming technology continually shakes up market turbulence.   Raw materials are one of the major factors of production along with labor and capital. Raw materials are so important to the production process that the success of a companys business and economy can be found by the amount of natural resources the company owns to provide for manufacturing. In this case it would be the pricing for the piece parts used to assemble into the product. An active human resource management with e-recruiting, training and education is also very important since the size of the sales forecast predicts a considerable amount of inflation and deflation. Product promotion, creating new sales channels, internet sales are some of the ways to provide Marketing opportunity to the company. With the increase in sales managing inventory, and having a warehouse could become imperative. All business faces competition. Knowing our competitors can help improve our products, services and marketing. It will enable us to  set our prices competitively and  help to respond to rival marketing and promotional campaigns with our own initiatives. Task 2. Layout of the Assembly Operations. The layout of an operation is the most important within the general area design in operations management. This is because the way facilities are placed in relation to each other has an important effect on so many aspects of operations. Considering all the facilities, machines, equipment, and etc layout is the first thing we notice because it governs the appearance of a company. Layout determines the flow of customers, materials and information within the operation. All these factors affect the total distance travelled by materials, which in turn affect the cost, the general effectiveness and the quality of the operation. The strategic objectives of an operation depend on a layout. There are certain general objectives pertaining to all operations which should be considered while doing a layout. They are: Any process which could pose a danger to the staff or the customers should not be accessible to unauthorized. Measures to be taken to minimize the flow of materials or information. Flow of materials should be well signposted, clear and evident to staff. Any noisy or unpleasant part of an operation should be located away from staff. There should be coordination for the supervision and communication of the location assisted by equipments aiding it. All machines and equipments should be maintained and cleaned properly. Space should be used precisely. The most important factor to consider the layout to be done here is long term flexibility. If the demand keeps going higher based on the sales forecast there should be plenty of room for expansion within the workshop. For Total Work Content: All Time in Standard Minutes (SM) Element A: Assemble poke subassembly 0.12 Element B: Fit poke subassembly to frog 0.10 Element C: Rivet adjusting level to frog 0.15 Element D: Press adjusting nut screw to frog 0.08 Element E: Fit adjusting nut to frog 0.15 Element F: Fit frog screw to frog 0.05 Element G: Fit knob to base 0.15 Element H: Fit handle to base 0.17 Element I: Fit frog subassembly to base 0.15 Element J: Assemble blade subassembly 0.08 Element K: Assemble blade subassembly, clamp and label to base and adjust 0.20 Element L: Make up box and wrap plane, pack and stock 0.20 There are four quarters each year. 52 weeks makes up a year. Hence in each quarter there will be: 52 / 4 = 13 weeks. Now lets assume that a full time employee would work 40 hours per week. Therefore total time put in for one cycle = 13weeks X 40hrs X 60mins = 31,200 mins No. of units for 1st quarter = 98,000 The required cycle time = 31,200 / 98,000 = 0.31837 The required no. of stages = the total work content / the required cycle time 1.60 mins / 0.31837 mins = 5 approximately This means 5 stages. Now looking at the assembly, different tasks could be further differentiated and grouped into different work stations. For example assembling poke assembly does not depend on fitting the knob to the base. All the dependant jobs can be put into same workstation. Hence looking at the different tasks we can group them into five workstations. Lets name them as Workstations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Workstation 1: Workstation 1 will comprise of all the jobs entailing with the assembling of components of frog subassembly. Element A, B, C, D, E and F. This will include: Assemble poke subassembly Fit poke subassembly to frog Rivet adjusting level to frog Press adjusting nut screw to frog Fit adjusting nut to frog Fit frog screw to frog Workstation 2: Workstation 2 will comprise of all the jobs entailing with the assembling of components of base subassembly. Element G, H and I. This will include: Fit knob to base Fit handle to base Fit frog subassembly to base Workstation 3: Workstation 3 will comprise of all the jobs entailing with the assembling of components of blade subassembly. Element J. This will include: Assemble blade subassembly Workstation 4: Workstation 4 will comprise of all the jobs entailing with the assembling of all the subassemblies. Element K. This will include: Assemble blade subassembly, clamp and label to base and adjust Workstation 5: Workstation 5 will comprise of all the jobs entailing with packaging. Element L. This will include: Make up box and wrap plane, pack and stock. The flowchart above shows the final allocation after breaking down the process into different stages of the long thin arrangement, which is easy to manage. This arrangement makes materials handling simple and the operation becomes a lot more efficient. The layout will need to be adjusted in terms of the design of the products, since this is one of the two main significant factors in deciding on which control values would be useful, the manufacture resources concerning adjustability and capability being the other. The layout proposed is a very simple yet very efficient one. From the layout it could be seen the three sub-assembly workshops are just adjacent to the assembly workshop. Lying just beside the assembly workshop and the packaging workshop is the Inventory. This arrangement would save time from transporting the product back and forth. The Inventory also helps us to keep some of the product in a well maintained stock. Plenty of free space is available around the manufacturing site to enable us to expand our workshops if the demand of our product requires so. The main building with all the different facilties is located just on the other side of the manufacturing site. Previously the effectiveness of a mechanism was exclusivel y measured by the numeral of processed units per hour. A further focus has been put on the quickness and sharpness of the machine. There still exist numerous high proficient machines with low sharpness even though they are time consuming to set up amid the diverse products. However, Weldon Hand Tools may detach the products into standard, whereby it is processed in the old machine, and special. As a result the quantity of special products will be so little that a flexible machine with a comparatively low capacity may be adequate to encounter any competition. Conclusion. In the current market situation companies manufacturing furniture are put through a lot of difficult situation which includes short business cycles, lack of technical knowledge, and delayed returns. The organization itself is very outdated. Hence examining and studying all these issues put together with the high prices of commodities and supplies, state laws, only puts the whole organization into a position where they have work on low income and revenue.

A Critique of the Research Article Essay

A Critique of the Research Article: Methadone/Buprenorphine and Better Maternal/ Perinatal Outcomes: A Meta-analysis Abstract The purpose of this research article is to discuss lower risk drugs such as Methadone and Buprenorphine given to Heroin addicted pregnant patients to create better neonatal and maternal outcomes. This research articles discusses the gold standard of treatment for better neonatal and maternal outcomes. Keywords: heroin, neonatal, maternal, outcomes, methadone, buprenorphine, gold standard treatment A Critique of the Research Article: Methadone/Buprenorphine and Better Maternal/ Perinatal Outcomes: A Meta-analysis Methadone is a synthetic opioid. It is used medically as an analgesic and a maintenance anti-addictive and reductive preparation for use by patients with opioid dependency. It was developed in Germany in 1937. Methadone was introduced into the United States in 1947 by Eli Lilly and Company. The principal effects of methadone maintenance are to relieve narcotic craving, suppress the abstinence syndrome, and block the euphoric effects associated with opiates. When used correctly, Methadone maintenance has been found to be medically safe and non-sedating. It is also indicated for pregnant women addicted to opiates. (doi:http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/methadone) The theoretical study was not discussed in the articles but Roy’s Model identifies the elements considered essential to adaptation and describes how the elements interact to produce adaptation and thus health. Methadone helps the pregnant opioid dependent individual adapt to a lower risk drug and produces an overall healthier maternal and prenatal outcome. Middle Range Theory is less abstract and narrowed in the scope than conceptual models. These types of theories focus on answering particular practice questions and often specify such factors: patient’s health conditions, family situations and nursing actions. While researching this topic there were areas that were discussed, about patients being afraid to seek Methadone treatment and prenatal care because they were ashamed of how health care professionals would view them. It was also stated that patients in better overall health and less family related stress situations would more than likely be the ones to receive proper prenatal care and seek Methadone treatment. Opioid dependent pregnant patients and their fetus have more physical, mental and psychological issues. (Kaltenbach, Berghella, & Finnegan, 1998). Opioid dependent pregnant patients are at an increased risk for preterm delivery and low birth weight. (Fajemiroku-Odudeyi et al. , 2005). To lower the health risks, pregnant women who are opiate dependent have been treated with methadone maintenance, the standard of care for several decades. (Jones et al. , 2005). Another treatment option became available when the U. S. Food and Drug Administration approved the use of buprenorphine maintenance therapy in 2002, which is another substitute for methadone. The research article â€Å"Opioid Dependency in Pregnancy and Length of Stay for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome† examines 152 opioid-dependent pregnant women on methadone maintenance therapy (n=136 the participants that are using methadone) or buprenorphine maintenance therapy (n=16 the participants that are using buprenorphine) during pregnancy and their neonates. The neonates were born between January 1, 2005 and December 2007. The use of methadone in opioid dependent pregnant women lowers maternal morbidity and mortality rates and promotes fetal stability and growth compared to the use of heroin (Ludlow, Evans, & Hulse, 2004). Continuous methadone treatment during pregnancy is associated with improved earlier antenatal care (Burns, Mattick, Lim & Wallace, 2007), compliance with prenatal care and better preparation for infant care and parenting responsibilities (Dawe, Harnett, Rendalls, & Staiger, 2003). Stabilization on methadone avoids the dangers of repeated intoxication and withdrawal cycles. Methadone has to be picked up by the patient at the treatment facilities. Attendance at these facilities allow pregnant patients opportunities to receive essential antenatal care and advice for a healthy pregnancy, which some of the patients otherwise may not receive. While conducting this research it was not clearly evident what was being researched until the conclusion of the results was determined. Based on the number of participants depended on the outcome of the better treatment. Therefore the results are not as accurate as could be if there were a larger amount of participants. There were no violations of patient rights with the methods used. The research article â€Å"Methadone in pregnancy: treatment retention and neonatal outcomes† examines three different groups of women: a group who entered continuous treatment at least one year prior to birth, a group who entered continuous treatment in the 6 months prior to birth, and a group whose last treatment program prior to birth ended at least one year prior to birth. Births that occurred after 1994 were selected for this analysis. Overall, 2 993 women were on the methadone program at delivery. The number of births rose steadily from 62 in 1992 to 459 in 2002. A particular strength of the large sample size was the ability to examine the effect of treatment retention on key neonatal outcomes. Among mothers on methadone at delivery, early commencement on methadone was associated with increased antenatal care and reduced prematurity. This is consistent with previous research that has shown that methadone in conjunction with adequate prenatal care promotes fetal stability and growth. Ethics approval for the project was granted by the NSW Department of Health Ethics Committee. All data was provided to the researchers’ only once full identification of records had taken place with password protected computers and firewall protection. This method was used to protect patient’s rights. Based on a large sample size, researchers were able to examine the effects of treatment retention on key neonatal outcomes. Although researchers had a large sample size based on certain ethical restrictions, limited the amount of information given to researchers, which waived the outcomes of individual’s results not being totally accurate. The research article â€Å"Methadone and perinatal outcomes: a prospective cohort study† examines A total of 117 pregnant women on methadone maintenance treatment recruited between July 2009 and July 2010. Measurements information on concomitant drug use was recorded with the Addiction Severity Index. Perinatal outcomes included pre-term birth (

Essay Samples for Applying to College Reviews & Tips

Essay Samples for Applying to College Reviews & Tips Essay Samples for Applying to College - the Conspiracy The essay should include specific information regarding Oberlin College. Professor Mitchell obtained a grant to have a category of students to Belgium so as to study the EU. It is possible to easily depend on us to find essay help as we have a tendency to assist and guide the students with the assistance of our professional experts. Thus, State University isn't only the ideal spot for me, it is the sole spot for me. To get essay online, you simply will need to fill in the application form and you'll get superior work on the desired topic. The total format of your essay, for example, font size and margins, will solely count on the instructions offered to you. Well-done samples give an education in format. As can be expected with this much variety on a single platform, there are both positive and negative samples out there. 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William Hazlitt on Style - Classic British Essays

A master of invective and irony, essayist William Hazlitt was one of the great prose stylists of the 19th century. In On Familiar Style (originally published in the London Magazine and reprinted in Table Talk, 1822), Hazlitt explains his preference for plain words and popular modes of construction. On Familiar Style (excerpts) by William Hazlitt (1778-1830) It is not easy to write a familiar style. Many people mistake a familiar for a vulgar style, and suppose that to write without affectation is to write at random. On the contrary, there is nothing that requires more precision, and, if I may so say, purity of expression, than the style I am speaking of. It utterly rejects not only all unmeaning pomp, but all low, cant phrases, and loose, unconnected, slipshod allusions. It is not to take the first word that offers, but the best word in common use; it is not to throw words together in any combinations we please, but to follow and avail ourselves of the true idiom of the language. To write a genuine familiar or truly English style, is to write as any one would speak in common conversation who had a thorough command and choice of words, or who could discourse with ease, force, and perspicuity, setting aside all pedantic and oratorical flourishes. Or, to give another illustration, to write naturally is the same thing in regard to common co nversation as to read naturally is in regard to common speech. . . It is easy to affect a pompous style, to use a word twice as big as the thing you want to express: it is not so easy to pitch upon the very word that exactly fits it. Out of eight or ten words equally common, equally intelligible, with nearly equal pretensions, it is a matter of some nicety and discrimination to pick out the very one, the preferableness of which is scarcely perceptible, but decisive. . . . The proper force of words lies not in the words themselves, but in their application. A word may be a fine-sounding word, of an unusual length, and very imposing from its learning and novelty, and yet in the connection in which it is introduced may be quite pointless and irrelevant. It is not pomp or pretension, but the adaptation of the expression to the idea, that clinches a writers meaning:--as it is not the size or glossiness of the materials, but their being fitted each to its place, that gives strength to the arch; or as the pegs and nails are as necessary to the support of the building as the larger timber, and more so than the mere showy, unsubstantial ornaments. I hate anything that occupies more space than it is worth. I hate to see a load of band-boxes go along the street, and I hate to see a parcel of big words without anything in them. A person who does not deliberately dispose of all his thoughts alike in cumbrous draperies and flimsy disguises, may strike out twenty va rieties of familiar every-day language, each coming somewhat nearer to the feeling he wants to convey, and at last not hit upon that particular and only one which may be said to be identical with the exact impression in his mind. . . . It is as easy to write a gaudy style without ideas, as it is to spread a pallet of showy colours, or to smear in a flaunting transparency. What do you read,--Words, words, words.--What is the matter?--Nothing, it might be answered. The florid style is the reverse of the familiar. The last is employed as an unvarnished medium to convey ideas; the first is resorted to as a spangled veil to conceal the want of them. When there is nothing to be set down but words, it costs little to have them fine. Look through the dictionary and cull out a florilegium, rival the tulippomania. Rouge high enough, and never mind the natural complexion. The vulgar, who are not in the secret, will admire the look of preternatural health and vigour; and the fashionable, who regard only appearances, will be delighted with the imposition. Keep to your sounding generalities, your tinkling phrases, and all will be well. Swell out an unmeaning truism to a perfect tympany of style. A thought, a distinction is the r ock on which all this brittle cargo of verbiage splits at once. Such writers have merely verbal imaginations, that retain nothing but words. Or their puny thoughts have dragon-wings, all green and gold. They soar far above the vulgar failing of the Sermo humi obrepens--their most ordinary speech is never short of an hyperbole, splendid, imposing, vague, incomprehensible, magniloquent, a cento of sounding common-places. If some of us, whose ambition is more lowly, pry a little too narrowly into nooks and corners to pick up a number of unconsidered trifles, they never once direct their eyes or lift their hands to seize on any but the most gorgeous, tarnished, thread-bare, patchwork set of phrases, the left-off finery of poetic extravagance, transmitted down through successive generations of barren pretenders . . .. (1822) The full text of On Familiar Style appears in Selected Writings, by William Hazlitt (Oxford University Press, 1999). Also by William Hazlitt: On the Feeling of Immortality in YouthOn Going a Journey